فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 54 (تابستان 1400)

the entry of non-governmental Emtities is one of the important indicators of contemporary wars that causes unbalanced structure of conflicts. In recent decades, rapid advances in weapons technology increased the gap between the warring parties in terms of military capabilities, the upsetting of the balance of power and divided them into strong and weak. As a result we have witnessed the innovation of Asymmetric, Non-structured war methods based on Unconventional using ofArmed tools and tactics, such as resorting to terrorist acts. The emergence of these methods has expanded the scope of military conflict to civil society and reduced the complience of the parties to basic principles of international humanitarian law as the only legal means to protect the lives of civilians and propert against military attacks. in the nature of today's wars and the shift to non-governmental conflicts with ethnic, religious and identity goals has led to the development of the battlefield and the entry of civilians as fighters, which has greatly blurred the line between military and civilian. Finally, the lack of international consensus on the definition of terrorism and its examples, the political approach of countries and sometimes,Hiring of terrorist groups, the monopoly of the application of humanitarian law principles on war situations while some terrorist acts take place outside the battlefield. .. are some of the factors that have intensified this challenge.

The great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such a way that the currents of identity have enjoyed a growing role and Challenges arising from identity rivalries have acted in a variety of forms such as state-building or even disrupting political stability. However, recognizing the role and position of identity currents and how to identify them in a situation where there is virtually no clear vision for a US presence in the region has become doubly important.The present article examines the role of identity currents in Iraq in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the framework of Rosena Chaos Theory and it answers the question, what strategy has the United States prioritized over the nation-state in Iraq, given the intermediate variables of identity currents? Hypothesis: The United States, understanding the growing role of identity movements, has sought to undermine existing structures in Iraq by shaping a set of identity challenges and creating socio-political irregularities. Paved the way for the realization of the model of a failed state and provided the conditions for the continuation of its interventions in Iraq. Findings Utilizing soft power such as media and virtual tools to create political, economic, and social destabilization (such as riots and street protests) is part of the strategy of a failed state in Iraq.

The concept of racism can be considered one of the pervasive crises among most societies, both industrial and developing. This concept is basically more tangible among immigrant communities and has had many consequences for their communities meanwhile, The United States, has faced special challenges with racism throughout its history. Blacks, who were considered complete subjugation of whites and slaves during the 17th and 19th centuries, were able to exercise some of their citizenship rights by repealing the law, but challenges between whites and blacks remain an unresolved dilemma. The US system has remained so much that at times, such a rift has turned into a social and even security crisis. In this article, the authors try to answer to this question: What were the most important actions of Trump against the blacks of this country? And what feedback has these actions had on his government's performance? The authors hypothesize that Trump's actions against blacks during his four-year presidency have led to an escalation of racist actions against them, which has provided important feedback to Trump in the name of the crisis of legitimacy. Feedback on this issue has also been reflected in cultural, social, political and economic issues. The method of the present article is to use the descriptive analytical method and the use of documentary sources.

AbstractToday energy has become one of the main components of power in international relations and plays the role of an effective driver in linking various areas of politics and economics, both national and transnational. The present study aims to prioritize the strategic factors of the dynamic growth of Iran's gas trade in regional interactions. This research is in the category of survey-cross-sectional research in terms of the purpose of an applied research and in terms of method and time period of data collection.The main tool for data collection is an expert questionnaire. The location is the National Iranian Gas Company. The statistical population is selected from 15 university experts and managers of Iran Gas Company who have been selected using non-probability and purposeful sampling method. The DEMATEL-ANP combined method has been used to identify the pattern of relationships and prioritize strategic factors for the dynamic growth of Iran's gas trade in regional interactions. The question is what are the most important strategic factors? What are the causal relationships between the strategic factors? The main focus of this research is.The results showed that the importance of diplomatic issues and political factors is the most important among all indicators. Also, energy and energy transmission lines, by providing a suitable platform for regional interactions, are a symbol of sustainability of a cooperation and interdependence and provide a suitable space for attracting foreign investment. In fact, energy has become an effective tool in diplomacy that can bring about regional interactions.

The decentralized and pluralistic nature of power in the United States has allowed for a diverse and influential role for a diverse range of ethnic lobbies.Meanwhile, the Arabs of the southern Gulf have focused on lobbying as a reliable foreign policy tool and influencing US decision-making and policy-making.The scope and dimensions of lobbying and lobbying have increased significantly in recent years.In this connection, the main question of this study is: "What mechanisms and goals have been pursued by the Arab Gulf lobbies in the Persian Gulf since its inception?The findings of the paper suggest that the Arab Gulf lobbies of pluralistic trends and mechanisms such as embassies, foreign-registered lobbyists, individual lobbyists, oil companies, and sponsoring American thought toward goals such as Two-States solution their economic goals and interests, have been confronted with negative agendas, against positive portrayal of themselves, and ultimately with Iran.The present study is a descriptive-analytical one And information collection has also been done in a library-style way and through online resources.

 Since 2001, the relationship between India and the United States has been witnessing a fundamental shift from both sides. Many analysts see the rise of China as one of the main reasons for the positive shifts in the foreign policy of the United States and India towards each other. Given this point, this study seeks to answer the question of why the rise of China has led to a rapprochement between India and the United States. The results of this study show that as China increasingly seeks to undermine India's national interests, balancing strategy has become a requirement for India's foreign policy toward China. On the other hand, the choice of off-shore balancing by the United States to prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon in East and South Asia has led to a rapprochement between the United States and India. Under such circumstances, the United States could reduce its costs of dealing with the emerging power of China by burden sharing with its partners